The Guyaju Caves are situated in a gorge west of Yanqing, 80 kilometers northwest of Beijing. They rank among the most remarkable troglodytic settlements and are renowned for their antiquity and ingenious organization. History enthusiasts will delight in uncovering the lifestyles and customs of ancient inhabitants in northern Chine.

History

The exact date marking the origin and use of the Guyaju Caves has never been definitively established. However, historical records contain information allowing for several hypotheses. The first suggests the caves were constructed by the Kumo Xi tribe, an ethnicity that existed during the Five Dynasties period. This people betrayed the Khitan Empire, which ruled northern Chine from 907 to 1125. The inhabitants subsequently migrated toward the Yanqing and Beijing region. They were pursued by the Khitan people and forced to return to their homeland, leaving the Guyaju Caves behind. The second hypothesis proposes that the caves were built by the Tang Dynasty government between 618 and 907. This theory rests on the caves' strict organizational design and disciplined layout. Indeed, numerous iron tools, substantial labor efforts, and considerable financial support are evident in the cliff carvings. This theory is primarily based on the notion that without significant funding, such extensive galleries and the storage of numerous artifacts would have been impossible. Finally, the third hypothesis, supported by archaeologists, suggests that the Guyaju Caves served as an important garrison site of the Han Dynasty around 202 BCE until 220 CE. Archaeological teams discovered residual walls, a cooking pit, grinding stones, and various artifacts indicating the caves housed military troops. However, it has been confirmed that they were occupied by the Xiyi people during the Tang Dynasty, roughly 618 to 907.

Exploring the Guyaju Caves

The Guyaju Caves bear witness to meticulous work conceived by ancient minorities in northern Chine. They span an area exceeding 100,000 square meters along a steep cliff face. The cliff walls measure 10 meters wide with over 100 stone chambers hewn into them. Totaling 117 caves arranged like cells carved into the cliff, they are considered one of Chine's earliest labyrinthine complexes and rank second among the Zhoukoudian archaeological sites near Beijing. Up to 91 caves are scattered across the south-facing slopes, north-facing sections, and cliff front. The rear face comprises 26 additional caves. These cliff dwellings, or troglodytes, are nearly all interconnected via corridors, staircases, or ladders. The caves display varying dimensions and shapes, characterized by sophisticated architectural elements and stone chambers measuring approximately 1.8 meters in height and 6 meters in depth. The largest discovered hall exceeds 20 square meters, while the smallest measure around 3 square meters. Simple chambers exist alongside suites and even three-room apartments, some without supporting pillars or beams. The ancient human occupation is beyond question when examining the remarkably preserved room layouts. Walkways, windows, stone beds, cupboards, and even cooking stoves are easily visible. Some cavities demonstrate remarkable ingenuity with water-supply systems and heating installations known as Kang, designed to warm the chambers. Atop the cliff stands a small duplex called Guantangzi, or the clan chief's manor. The cavern is supported by columns adorned with decorative carvings at the top. The expansive main hall's center features a large stone bed, a desk, and stools.

To reach the Guyaju Caves, take the Express Bus No. 919 from Deshengmen Station, then disembark at Dongguan Yanqing Station. Transfer to the Y1 line and exit at Dongmenying Station, or alternatively board Bus No. 920, which goes directly to Guyaju Station.

Hours and Admission Fees

Admission to the Guyaju Caves is 40 RMB per adult. Children enter free of charge. During peak season from April to October, the site is open from 8:00 AM to 5:30 PM. In low season, November through March, visits are available from 8:30 AM to 5:00 PM. Note that ticket sales close thirty minutes before closing time.